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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
1. An Overview of
The First Time
Because our Puritan-based society has traditionally been uneasy
Addiction and
At the same time, marijuana is an attractive activity for
Strategies of Smokers
There are some smokers who are convinced that "good
Stopping
Notes
14. Looking Ahead:
Smokers of this persuasion speak of marijuana being grown by
In the event of legalization, it is unlikely that names will
The Moment of Awareness
Appendix
On the other hand, I very often have magnificent creative
2. A Denver high school
I don't know if you're interested, but the reason I started
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How Marijuana Works
The
agent in marijuana that is thought to be responsible for most of the drug's
effects is a psychoactive chemical called delta-g-tetrahydrocannabinol,
commonly known as THC. Generally speaking, THC is found in greater quantities
in marijuana plants grown in tropical climates, although the determining factor
is not environment but heredity. While potency is generally measured in terms
of the THC content, marijuana also contains dozens of related chemicals known
as cannabinoids, which are unique to the cannabis plant. Research on the
effects of these other chemicals is still in the early stages.[5]
Much of the THC in the marijuana plant is concentrated in the
sticky resin exuded from its flowering tops when it reaches maturity. These
flower tops, together with the upper leaves of the plant, are dried, crushed,
and shipped from their country of origin to marijuana smokers in the United
States
and elsewhere.
(Hashish is generally made from the resin alone, although
contrary to popular belief, it is not a standard substance; like stew, hashish
is made differently in different societies. According to folklore, hashish used
to be made by having laborers run naked through fields of cannabis. The resin
that stuck to their bodies was scraped off with a special blunt knife, and was
then treated and dried and pressed into hashish.)[6]
Whether or not a person will feel high after smoking marijuana
depends on a number of factors. An obvious consideration is the quality of the
marijuana that is being smoked, which is generally measured in terms of
potency, or THC content. Quantity is important too, but only up to a point.
Most smokers agree that while there is a significant difference between a single
toke and smoking an entire joint, there is little difference between, say, two
joints and three other than the increased likelihood of fatigue and headache.
There is, apparently, a law of diminishing returns after the first joint.
In addition to the quality and quantity of the marijuana that is
smoked, the nature and extent of the high will also depend on such factors as
the freshness of the marijuana, the origin of the plant, and which part of the
plant is being smoked. However, without the use of a laboratory or of rather
technical machinery, there is no way for the smoker to know for certain the
strength of a particular sample before smoking it. Indeed, it is not always
easy for the smoker to assess the potency of the marijuana even after smoking
it, but that is another discussion (see chapter 11) Until legalization occurs,
there can be no equivalent other than hearsay and an educated guess as to the
tar levels indicated on a package of cigarettes or, perhaps more accurately, to
the proof markings on a bottle of wine or whiskey.
Until a few years ago, drug researchers believed that most of the
effects of marijuana were determined by the drug itself. But the more marijuana
is studied, the more it appears that the marijuana experience depends on a host
of other factors. For the sake of convenience, these are frequently grouped
together by researchers under the rather formal phrase "set and
setting." "Set" has to do with a series of factors relating to
the smoker, including his personality, history, mood at the time of smoking,
life-style, outlook on life, past drug experiences, and especially his
expectations of the drug's probable effects at the time of its use.
"Setting," on the other hand, has to do with factors
relating to the smoker's external environment, as described in physical,
social, and even cultural terms. In his study of marijuana smokers,
psychologist Charles Tart described set and setting in this way: "The
particular effects of a drug are primarily a function of a particular person
taking a particular drug in a particular way under particular conditions
at a particular time."[7]
Although most researchers at least pay lip service to the
importance of set and setting, they often describe the effects of marijuana as
though they were the same for everybody. Even smokers are often convinced that
other smokers experience the same results they do. But the facts indicate
otherwise. It makes little sense to discuss the effects of marijuana in
general, because people do not smoke marijuana in general. Marijuana
smokers are individuals who differ from each other in many ways and who use the
drug with different degrees of frequency, at different times, and for different
reasons.
Just as the bored housewife who drinks compulsively at home in
the afternoons has little in common with the priest who sips wine at communion,
other than that they are both consuming an alcoholic beverage, so, too,
marijuana smokers are a diverse group who use the drug in a variety of ways.
There are smokers who use marijuana only for special occasions, others who
smoke on weekends, and still others who use it habitually, like cigarettes.
Some people smoke it for fun, or to stimulate thinking, or for sex, or for
relaxing; others smoke because they hope to be stimulated verbally, sensually,
emotionally or creatively. Still others use marijuana as a medicine or a
sleeping aid, or to work or to escape from work. Invariably, these differences
have little to do with the drug, and everything to do with its users.
The point seems simple enough, but it needs reinforcement; almost
everything that most people have been taught about drugs is negated by the idea
of set and setting. An analogy from religion may be helpful here. The Buddhist
or Hindu mystic who has a religious vision is unlikely to witness an appearance
by Elijah or Jesus; such a possibility lies outside his set and setting. Or, in
the words of Thomas De Quincey, the English writer who described the effects of
opium to an eager public, "if a man whose 'talk is of oxen' should become
an opium eater, the probability is, that (if he is not too dull to dream at
all)—he will dream about oxen."
That is an example of set. Setting refers to a complex of
variables outside the individual using the drug. In our own time, a
particularly important aspect of setting is the attitudes of our society toward
various illicit drugs. For example, in the 1960S American smokers commonly
described feelings of "paranoia," but these feelings have been
declining steadily over the past few years. In some other cultures, where
marijuana is more generally accepted, they do not occur at all. Similarly,
volunteers in experiments who are asked to smoke marijuana in sterile
laboratories under rigorously controlled conditions of neutrality do not
normally have the same experiences as they do smoking at home with their
friends. The point would seem obvious, but it is routinely overlooked by drug
researchers.
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